There is a lot of talk about whether or not it is time to abandon liquidity and start investing in the stock market, although for many, it was liquidity that abandoned them some time ago. It is true that today many companies are already trading at a good price or even at a low price. ridiculous prices as my friend Pepe (a great manager if ever there was one) told me a few days ago. Buffet and other greats already proclaim to the four winds their greed to buy good companies. There are also voices arguing over whether the famous claudication has already taken place or not.
Many have traditionally thought, and even more do so in times of crash, about entering or exiting equity markets on the basis of the Switch Mentality. We have given it this name because it only contemplates two radically different positions: On and Off. In other words, we are up to their necks in it o nwe keep you in liquidity. However, we must bear in mind that, even at these two extremes, there are those who remain liquid with small percentages in stocks that were left up there, such as a mountaineering anchor that was put in place with the intention of making progress but is waiting alone for the market to one day approach it and make it useful again as an investment. And at the other extreme, there are also those who are not only up to their necks in the stock market, but also owe mortgages or even loans they took out to take advantage of the bargains with PER's as low as 25 or 50.
Most of them, however, have a Switch Mentality that only contemplates the simplistic patrimonial strategy of in or out of the stock market. As we explained in Circumstances vs Return/Risk, Our wealth is much more than the money in the bank. Moreover, within what is cash, we must be clear about how much of it we can risk in the stock market, and be aware that this money may not only not generate income for us, but may also be lost to a large extent. All this, within the framework of a Vital Balance which is the roadmap of our life and heritage. For all these reasons, the Switch Mentality is not only simplistic, but also extremely dangerous, as it only has a chance of success if we can guess the exact moment of the market floor. And even then, depression can condemn our longed-for liquidity to a despairing market. flat for many years. Most forget that, even in a non-depressive era, the Dow Jones barely rose by 10% between 1965 and 1983.
We must therefore be aware of the need to forget simplistic strategies and of the need for a moreafé for all. Our heritage is complex and multifaceted. And our circumstances are even more so, and very changeable over time. Therefore, our stock market investment strategy must also be complex and multifaceted.
When we think of the timing When it comes to investing the part of our assets allocated to equities, we must also be clear about the extent to which we are doing so. We must be aware that investing our entire stock market buying power in a few weeks is a gamble. Without the capacity to react to a probable error, either because we are wrong at the time or in the specific assets we are buying. Even if we get the tempo We may need this room for manoeuvre due to a sudden change of scenery or a substantial change in our assets, among many other possible reasons.
I know that many of you will say that with very small assets, the amount to be invested in equities allows little room for manoeuvre. And that is reasonably true, even if, depending on personal circumstances, the percentage of total assets that are susceptible to risk is higher. But for the middle and higher heritage, the switch mentality is one of the most serious mistakes that can be made, as it has only one and only one chance of success. as mentioned above.
Obviously this mentality must be incompatible with a long-term investment that seeks value in our purchases. But it is also reckless to rush in and out of the market even for investors who rely on technical analysis, as they still have only one chance of success even if some figures are highly reliable. Mistakes and/or technical exceptions, with this mentality, can have even more serious consequences than for the investor. value.
In recent days, the United States and the European Union have proposed a series of world summits on the financial crisis, which began after the US presidential elections on 4 November. The credit crisis that has hit the markets has led the United States and its European allies to seek ways of mitigating the impact on their financial systems. At first glance, it may seem that the recession that is palpable in the air will affect both sides equally, and there are even those who believe that the United States is faltering as the world’s leading power, but we are probably a long way from such a scenario…
It is true that the current crisis will have repercussions and take its toll on the country’s economy, but it is no less true that the United States has all the necessary ingredients to remain a global economic powerhouse – quite unlike the situation in Europe, where crises tend to be more painful and protracted.
Between 1973 and 1982, the United States experienced one of the most damaging periods of inflation in its history. As measured by the Consumer Price Index, prices more than doubled during that decade. In 1979 alone, inflation reached 13.3%, paralysing the economy with the phenomenon that became known as “stagflation”, which led many commentators to doubt whether the United States could compete on the world market. Jimmy Carter delivered a famous speech in which he warned of “the existence of a crisis of confidence that was affecting the very heart, soul and spirit of the national will, and which threatened to destroy the social and political fabric of the United States”. Also during that period, major Japanese multinationals bought some of the country’s most iconic buildings, and it was even thought that the United States would be unable to compete with Japan’s efficient economy. The outcome is well known to all.
One of the factors that should be of greatest concern to Europe in relation to the United States is its lower competitiveness compared with the US economy. Taking the aforementioned crisis as a starting point, the differences that currently exist can be clearly seen. Between 1983 and 1984, the unemployment rate in the United States rose to over 10%, whilst that of countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom and France exceeded 12%. From those peaks, the United States began a rapid economic recovery, with unemployment falling whilst GDP rose, whereas European countries were left severely affected and stuck at much higher levels of unemployment, even as their economies picked up.
There are two concepts – which I shall not dwell on at length – that explain the United States’ rapid recovery compared with Europe and its current competitive advantage. The first, known as Eurosclerosis, discusses the lower competitiveness of European labour markets, due to unemployment benefits, relative bargaining power over wages – which entails higher dismissal costs and higher minimum wages – and lower competitiveness in the goods and services market, which we will address in greater detail later. The second concept is the Hysteresis, which explains how, despite the fact that European markets and their institutions were more efficient during periods of strong growth such as the 1970s (and unemployment rates were lower than in the United States), following severe disruptions, these institutions proved incapable of responding to such shocks and did little to resolve the problem of unemployment, instead acting as a brake on recovery. Thus, a persistently high unemployment rate leads to a rise in long-term unemployment and a loss of skills amongst the unemployed, creating a vicious circle that is difficult to break.
In business terms, the differences between the United States and EU countries are also striking. On the one hand, if we look at the largest companies in various sectors, we can see that US firms occupy the top spot in the rankings, if not the entire podium. Companies such as Google, Johnson & Johnson, Intel, Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Walmart, Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble and a very long list of others are a clear example of this.
Furthermore, and even more noteworthy than the fact that it is home to the world’s largest companies, is the large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, on which job creation largely depends, and the much higher proportion of entrepreneurs compared with Europe. Ultimately, those small start-ups that survive will become the medium-sized or even large companies of the future. The well-known ‘American dream’ is not merely a cliché, but has its counterpart in real life.
Finally, although the American public education system leaves much to be desired, the major private universities provide a breeding ground for business start-ups and for training the best leaders – something that is hard for other universities around the world to match. The University of California, Harvard, MIT and Stanford, for example, are veritable meccas of scientific knowledge and technological innovation. By contrast, government control and regulation of universities by European authorities constitute an objective restriction on their freedom of action. It should also be noted that public universities in the United States receive only a portion of their funding from federal and state governments, unlike the situation in Europe. Consequently, the ongoing pursuit of both private and public funding acts as an incentive to maintain the highest standards of excellence by recruiting the best talent, regardless of their background. These individuals subsequently show their gratitude to the university that nurtured their professional development, by substantial donations which enable the school to carry out major projects and continue to attract talent from around the world: Cluster effect in its purest form.
Facebook, a recent mass phenomenon, was invented by a group of Harvard undergraduates, for example.
In short, the United States’ ability to respond to this multi-crisis we are facing suggests that it will be greater than that of Europe – unfortunately for us – and, with that in mind, we prefer to invest on the other side of the Atlantic, given that the investment opportunities are comparable.
La primera reunión para Refundar el Capitalismo ya tiene fecha y lugar: Nueva York a finales de Noviembre 2008. Se ha querido que se comience a discutir el futuro del Sistema en el mismo lugar «donde empezó el problema» según palabras del mismo Sarkozy. Coincidiendo con la presidencia rotatoria, éste se ha erigido como Estadista líder de la UE, a pesar de que tenga que llevar de paseo junto a él a Barroso a quien sólo le piden que sonría ante los fotografos y que sólo abra la boca para leer discursitos oficiales escritos por el equipo francés. De hecho Sarkozy va siempre acompañado en sus tareas de salvador de Europa por su ministra de Economía Lagard, mientras que Barroso les lleva las maletas. Y no me parece mal.
En Bretton Woods (New Hampshire 1944) se sentaron las bases del capitalismo moderno, después de una II Guerra Mundial convulsa que situó a los EE.UU. en cabeza del mundo económico. De allí salieron el Banco Mundial and the IMF. The Banco Internacional para la Reconstrucción y el Desarrollo (IBRD), se creó ad hoc para superar la pobreza y la destrucción de la II Guerra Mundial en Europa. La reunión de 1944 duró 22 días y esperemos que en la prevista para el próximo mes en NY no se vaya con prisas. Los citados son por el momento el G8 más otros elegidos como Australia, Corea del Sur, Arabia Saudí y los llamados BRIC: Brasil, India y China.
Allí se deberían cortar cabezas en el más solemne, exhaustivo y trascendente sentido de la palabra. Desde regulaciones muy restrictivas a prohibiciones de prácticas y productos financieros que se han demostrado o tan sólo sospechado perjudiciales. También cabezas físicas: Del FMI y de los responsables de aquellos países que no estén aplicando correctamente las medidas de emergencia adoptadas hasta hoy y las que se tomen hasta la misma cumbre. Espero por el bien de todos que se haga justicia también con las Calificadoras de Riesgo, y que se determine cuando menos la «castración química» de los calificadores que titulizaron a martillazos hipotecas NINJA (No Income, No Job or Assets) con flamantes etiquetas con muchas A.
Personalmente pienso que el caso de dichas calificadoras es el más flagrante. Pero lo más escandaloso es que siguen calificando desvergonzadamente. Sin ir más lejos, sólo al día siguiente de que el gigante UBS fuese trasfundido por el Estado suizo, se le degradó su rating y outlook. En cambio su tambaleo era ya evidente a ojos de todos desde que se reconocieron graves efectos detructivos de la caída de Lehman Brothers en sus balances. Lo dicho: Castración química y una temporadita en Guantánamo no sería un castigo muy desproporcionado, ya que la mayoría de los presos allí recluídos jamás perjudicaron tanto a los EE.UU. ni al Sistema financiero mundial como estos trileros con corbata.
Vamos a ver cómo evolucionan estas determinaciones de regulación aparentemente sólidas y los escarmientos públicos y privados. Esperemos que la asistencia sólo presencial de Bush, al que acompañará ya el equipo del nuevo presidente (previsiblemente Demócrata), no impida reformas profundas que hoy por hoy encuentran una gran oposición Republicana.
Se habla ya de la toxicidad de Hedge Fuds y de paraísos fiscales, aunque de éstos últimos sólo sea criticable la opacidad para domiciliar sociedades emisoras de títulizaciones. Es decir, no se recrimina la baja o nula fiscalidad de estos paraísos, sino su falta de regulación que permite emitir titulizaciones de deuda bajo un aparente, y sólo aparente, paraguas de entidades solventes. Así, muchas grandes empresas han emitido deuda a través de pseudo-filiales domiciliadas en paraísos fiscales, que a la hora de la verdad han dejado caer por tratarse de sociedades emisoras con mínimos o nulos vínculos legales con la multinacional que puso en su día imagen y nombre. En esta práctica, durante años no fue necesario declarar públicamente la ausencia de vínculo legal firme entre la sociedad emisora y la multinacional que ponía el nombre y la imagen, ya que era impensable un evento de crédito, pero en los últimos meses y me temo que durante un tiempo todavía: Tonto el último.
Ante esta práctica de juzgado de guardia, deberían demonizar a la pseudo-matriz y por supuesto a la matriz de facto, y no al paraíso fiscal. Es indudable que regulando mejor la transparencia legal de estos países será más difícil repetir estas malas artes. Pero los paraísos fiscales, como lo que su propio nombre indica, siempre serán convenientes en un entorno a menudo sobrefiscalizado. Siempre que colaboren contra el blanqueo de capitales y contra las prácticas fraudulentas de titulizaciones, aunque como ya hemos dicho, esa responsabilidad debe depurarse en la multinacional que realmente se beneficia de esa emisión domiciliada en un paraíso fiscal. ¿Se hará? Deberé verlo para creerlo, pero necesitamos creer en los políticos que van a ocuparse de intentar salvarnos.
Sarkozy, Brown y Obama tienen la oportunidad de pasar a los libros de Historia con un peso específico digno de los Grandes Nombres como De Gaulle, Churchill o Lincoln. Para los de la era de Bretton Woods, siempre nos quedaba París… Esperemos que a partir de ahora siempre nos quede New York y que Guantánamo por fin tenga un sentido global.
El carácter es la virtud de los tiempos difíciles.
Espero que en breve empecemos a ver movimientos corporativos de lo que se podría bautizar en el futuro como Banca Sostenible. Es decir unas entidades de nueva creación, participadas muy probablemente por bancos tradicionales, o digamos de la era anterior. Quizás también participen en estos nuevos Bancos Sostenibles algunas grandes corporaciones hasta hoy al margen del sistema financiero, o incluso, por qué no, algunos Estados.
La incógnita es cómo se van a regular estos nuevos bancos para garantizar su sostenibilidad a largo plazo. No sólo debe ser sostenible la entidad como empresa, sino que el sistema de financiación global (persona, empresas e incluso Estados) debe modificarse sustancialmente. Sarkozy parece tomar las riendas de una UE que parece un patio de colegio, pero eso sí, con colegiales atemorizados y más dispuestos que nunca a dejar las travesuras aparcadas. El susto ha sido tal que no se habla de regulación más estricta sino de The Reformation of Capitalism, y curiosamente ese mismo concepto ya lo publicamos hace un mes, después de la aprobación del plan Paulson. Al menos en la UE, con Sarkozy al frente y la complicidad de Brown, esa es la hoja de ruta. Pero ahora faltará ver si Obama la comparte o por el contrario los lobbies americanos siguen viviendo en Disneyland y presionan para que el escenario cambie sólo lo imprescindible, o sea, más de lo mismo hasta el próximo estallido.
Desde nuestra ignorancia actual del futuro, podríamos intuir que la Banca Sostenible debe multiplicar varias veces su coeficiente de caja (2%), que se debe volver a los orígenes más primitivos de la banca. Quizás veamos pronto nuevos bancos sostenibles que remuneren nuestros depósitos a los tipos oficiales y no al euribor. Y además que lo hagan al tipo menos, en lugar de al euribor más como se está haciendo hoy.
Debemos tener presente que la situación actual nos ha llevado a poder colocar con aparente normalidad grandes cantidades (25 o 50 millones de €) en las siguientes condiciones: Los dos grandes BBVA y BSCH pagan actualmente por estos grandes depósitos aprox. 6,75% anual, mientras que las entidades de segunda linea pero de gran prestigio como La Caixa, Popular, Bankinter, etc… llegan hasta el 8%. Ni que decir tiene que las entidades de tercera como pequeñas cajas y bancos, superan de largo ese 8% para depósitos de esas cantidades a un año.
De hecho las grandes bolsas de dinero son remuneradas de forma proporcional al coste de los CDS’s respectivos. Pero lo más alarmante, si es que aún mantenemos la capacidad de alarmarnos por algo, es que ya nada importa el diferencial del precio del dinero pagado y el cobrado, es decir entre las operaciones de activo y el pasivo del banco. Eso a ningún banco le importa ya, y remuneran desvergonzadamente los grandes depósitos muy por encima de las escasas operaciones de crédito que realizan. Para los que todavía no lo hayan adivinado, la razón por la cual hacen esto es que poco importa ya el diferencial que debe generar su core business, sólo importa tapar agujeros. Achicar agua de forma burda y desesperada.
Por eso la Banca Sostenible debe volver a su estado primitivo, donde probablemente no tengan manera de generar los grandes beneficios de estas últimas décadas. Pero sin duda, hoy captarían una avalancha de dinero aunque ofrecieran sólo un euribor menos 1,5% para los depósitos a un año. ¿O es que alguien con dos dedos de frente preferiría prestarle su dinero a Bancaja o a CAM al 6%?
Esperemos ver en breve la nueva cara de la Banca Sostenible, porque personalmente prefiero no ver las viejas caras conocidas que, aunque estén lavadas y aseadas por papá Estado, cada día están más demacradas y dan más miedo.
Modern finance theory, whichever methods we examine, bases its analysis on the risk-return trade-off. It is a pairing which, through being repeated time and time again, we have come to regard as unique and inseparable, and upon which investment decisions are based. Any proposal offering a more attractive return than is normally achieved tends to prompt the question «but what is the risk?», without delving any deeper.
Banks, for example, when recommending investments to their customers (without going into the quality of what they are selling), do not usually stop to consider whether the product is suitable for the customer. Thus, for example, we come across cases – which, unfortunately, are true – such as that of an elderly lady whose savings were invested in leveraged Argentine debt, to make matters worse, in the pre-corralito era; or that of a top-flight footballer whose entire salary for that year had been invested in dollars at an exchange rate of 1.15$/€, because «it was a magnificent opportunity». But there’s no need to go to such extremes. I’m sure most of you have, on more than one occasion, been approached by a bank adviser offering their products on the grounds that they offer good prospects for returns, that the investment risk is minimal, and so on. At best, as the height of a banker’s expertise, they might recommend investing small amounts in higher-risk products – a practice known as «asset allocation». But realistically, in most cases they will simply recommend buying whatever product or fish they happen to have on offer at the time.
However, all these analyses lack a third element, without which the investment decision is completely flawed: personal circumstances – those intangible factors (it is not possible to quantify whether an individual is married with children, or their aversion to investing in foreign currencies) which, in our view, must undoubtedly form the basis of any decision. Simply overlooking them without giving them due consideration strikes us as such a significant error in the strategic planning of family wealth that it jeopardises its sound performance over time.
Let us take the example – highly simplified but illustrative – of the Christmas Lottery, in which the variables of return and risk are clearly defined and well known to everyone: it is possible to win a huge prize, but the chances of this happening are very slim. So, what makes someone compulsively buy every ticket offered to them by family and friends one year, yet buy none the following year? Of course, this decision would seem illogical on the face of it, unless one takes the circumstances into account. Perhaps the person is getting married and has decided not to play in order to save money for the wedding, or perhaps they have decided to put all the money they were going to spend into a savings account, tired of seeing their euros – and their hopes of becoming rich overnight – vanish into thin air year after year.
For this reason, diversification – or the allocation of proportional shares of assets based on the risk-return ratio (Asset Allocation) is merely the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the circumstances surrounding investment, which take into account not only the portion of one’s assets to be invested but also a myriad of factors intrinsic to and affecting the investor:
Age, marital status, your propensity to spend (or save), whether you have children, your future aspirations, your career prospects, how many times a year you wish to travel, the additional enjoyment that can be derived from an investment (a flat on an exotic beach), the success or failure of previous investments in terms of the proportions and risks defined by your Life Balance and your potential for reinvestment, the strategic timing of the investment itself, as well as the proportion of assets allocated – these are just a few examples of what constitutes the circumstances surrounding an investment. As you can see, as we go through these circumstances, the simple risk-return ratio becomes less of a key factor in investment decision-making. To make this clearer, let’s take an extreme example: a person with a stable income spending 3 euros on the ‘Primitiva’ lottery, with the prize money intended to pay off a relative’s mortgage who is in financial difficulty, is by no means an aberrant investment, whereas betting half the annual benefit of an unemployed person with ten children, who would use the prize money to buy a yacht, is not only absurd but immoral and sickening. However, the risk-return ratio on which most bankers and financial advisers tend to rely exclusively is identical.
Carrying out an analysis of the individual’s (or family’s) circumstances forms the basis for drawing up the Life Balance, which, like the circumstances themselves, will change over time and, furthermore, helps to prevent poor investment decisions. Without the benefit of this analysis, the circumstances determining the investment could be as simple as the mood we are in on the day the decision is made.
Let's throw a few drops of humour into the sea of financial tears to make the daily news more bearable for our readers. Some of you will already be familiar with it because it is an alleged recent publication of an advertisement in the US business press. It was sent to me by a good friend whose company (Husesolar), by the way, sets the tone for the evolution of the renewable energy sector towards other segments such as the Biogas. And about which we will soon publish an article.
That said, let's take a look at the announcement published in the US electronic financial press. I have taken the liberty of polishing the English translation a little. The ad in question reads as follows:
«I am a beautiful girl, wonderfully beautiful, 25 years old. I am well educated and classy. I want to marry someone who earns at least half a million dollars a year. Are there any men among the readers of this portal who earn $500,000 or more? Maybe the wives of those who win that can give me some advice. I've been the girlfriend of men who make 200-250k, but I can't go above that and 250k isn't going to make me live on Central Park West. I know a woman, from my yoga class, who married a banker and lives in Tribeca, but she is not as beautiful as me, nor is she smart. So what did she do that I didn't? How can I get to her level?»
Rafaela S.
So much for a peculiar advertisement in a business newspaper, in the country where all this is possible. But pay attention to the response from a reader and wealthy investor:
«I read your query with great interest, thought carefully about your case and made an analysis of the situation. First of all, I am not wasting your time, as I earn more than 500,000 per year, and that said, I consider the facts as follows: Putting the roundabout aside, what you are offering, seen from the perspective of a man like the one you are looking for, is simply a lousy deal. Here are the reasons why:You provide the physical beauty and I provide the money.Clear proposal, without between the lines. However, there is a problem: For sure, its beauty will fade and one day it will end, and most likely my money will continue to grow, more and more.
So, in economic terms, you are a depreciating asset and I am a dividend-yielding asset. Not only do you suffer depreciation, but because it is progressive, it always increases! To clarify further, you are 25 years old today and you will continue to look beautiful for the next 5/10 years, but always a little bit less every year, and suddenly if you compare it with a photo of today, you will see that it will already be aged. This means that you are now ‘on the rise’, at the ideal time to be sold, but not to be bought. To use Wall Street parlance, whoever has it today must have it in a ‘trading position’, and not in a ‘buy and hold’, which is what you are offering it for?Therefore, still in commercial terms, a marriage with you (which is a ‘buy and hold’) is a marriage with you (which is a 'buy and hold'). is not a good business in the medium/long term. However, renting it can be and, in social terms, it may be a reasonable business we can ponder and pretend.I think, through certification of, how ‘shapely, classy and wonderfully beautiful’ she is, I probable future As a lessee of this ‘machine’, I want to do what is standard practice: I want to do a test drive to make the possible operation more concrete. I can schedule it. Jack Paul HendersonInvestor.
Funny advert and funny response, no doubt. But let's go a little further in our reflection: Perhaps some stock market investors and, above all, their bank managers or those of the financial institutions with which they risk their money, have been thinking for months or years that the right decision is to marry this lady. Perhaps they think that those incipient wrinkles are about to disappear and that in the long term their wives will always gain in beauty, even though they may age in the short term. And it is quite possible that in that particular case they will one day, but perhaps your client will not live long enough and will spend his last years with a very unpleasant companion.. But there are other ladies who can make us happier today, without having to wait for a long term that we may never know, and who will age as well or better. Or perhaps our managers are only interested in us staying as long as possible by repeatedly marrying and divorcing in order to get unmentionable commissions on each of our new romantic dates, with their subsequent visits to the office of the matrimonial lawyers who will avidly realise our munisvalues. Perhaps they will propose polygamy with the highest number of «polygamies".«assets»The "possible" (as much as our heritage allows), rotating our hearts several times a year, regardless of whether the beauty of our achievements is bullish or bearish.
At most, our managers will join the bandwagon of the most Machiavellian marketing by charging success fees, i.e. depending on the amount of pleasure received. To this end, they will obviously provide us with a large number of candidates, assuming health risks, sentimental risks and unbridled and lustful costs of all kinds, and they will cross their fingers that on one of these dates, one of these candidates will satisfy us enough to achieve their success fee established. They don't care if we take serious risks in the multiple failures, they will try everything to get enough pleasure to collect their success commission, theirs, of course.
What is certain is that none of our managers will be concerned about our heart, but only about our body. However, just as in a marital relationship, in our assets we need a stable long-term relationship that can more than compensate for natural ageing with a relationship of love, complicity, companionship and, in short, all the virtues of a stable partner with whom we can find happiness. Why do managers call it Love when they really mean Sex? Even the young lady and the Investor in the advertisement distinguish one from the other.
Well, sex has always been economically more profitable. But only when life smiles on us, when we are young, handsome and rich. That is to say, only in the short term, and the life of the Investor in capital letters is something else. If we follow the indications of these managers, we will surely end our investment life old, tired, sick, lonely and poor, very poor. When we talk about asset management, we must keep both concepts in mind: Love and Sex, in that order. Because if we focus only on the latter, we will have a very bad time in the medium or long term. But unfortunately, private banking and other asset managers focus exclusively on giving us a good time... or even a bad time. At the end of the day, that matters very little to the thugs.
It is easier to look good as a lover than as a husband; because it is easier to be timely and witty once in a while than every day.
Ante el escenario actual de crash bursátil (o inicio de crash bursátil), muchos inversores se plantean cuál es el timing adecuado para abandonar la liquidez y comenzar a comprar valor. Sin embargo, una minoría creemos que, además de estudiar el timing correcto debemos analizar con nuevos criterios dónde está el futuro valor, ya que no siempre va a coincidir ni mucho menos con el valor clásico.
La mayoría de analistas consideran que las utilities y empresas de servicios básicos como energéticas, alimenticias, etc… son el salvavidas donde agarrarse en medio de la tempestad. Efectivamente parece que pueden ser un buen refigio corporativo donde invertir, teniendo en cuenta que sus precios ya descuentan una proporción importante de pánico. Pero quizás nos estamos equivocando al buscar «valores refugio». Quizás deberíamos, por supuesto en la proporción de nuestro Vital Balance diseñada para ello, buscar el futuro value de la nueva era que viene. Un valor que, como en todo punto de inflexión, se encuentra de un modo distinto al conocido. La pregunta del millón es dónde está el nuevo «Manual del Inversor Value», y la respuesta es que, lamentablemente, está aún por escribirse, aunque pronto se publicarán diversos borradores o también llamados palos de ciego.
Los ciclos conocidos son Historia y la globalización es uno de los principales responsables de este caos. Un caos que nos llevará a una nueva Economía donde surgirán nuevos modelos de negocio y por lo tanto de inversión, nuevos sectores, nuevos Blue Chips, nuevos Medium Caps, ingentes cantidades de nuevos Small Caps, e incluso nuevos y lamentables chicharros que conformen nuevos y burbujeantes rallies alcistas. Y todo ello en un entorno de un capitalismo refundado e inquietante.
Estamos ante una encrucijada, un dilema: ¿Buscamos valor refugio en utilities y servicios básicos; o bien nos centramos en el análisis de un gigantesco y globalizado Seed Capital, Angel Investor o como queramos llamarle? Yo apostaría por lo segundo, sobre todo para los inversores que sufren lo que en nuestro Family Office llamamos Distressed Wealth. Que necesitan una estrategia específica para sus perjudicados patrimonios, por otra parte, común a todos los nuevos Clientes en estos últimos meses. Es lo que ya conocemos como Distressed Wealth Strategy. Todo ello sin olvidar, por supuesto, una cuidadosa selección de valor tradicional, dependiendo de cómo evolucionen los mercados en un futuro próximo.
Aún a riesgo de ser repetitivos, debemos recordar a los lectores que siempre debemos ceñirnos rigurosamente a la hoja de ruta marcada por el BV elaborado específicamente para cada inversor. Un BV que, además, debe ser revisado constantemente en función de los cambios sufridos por el propio Cliente y también por el escenario global, que es cambiante como nunca. Otro gallo le cantaría a Gordon Gekko…
Seguiremos muy atentos a las nacionalizaciones bancarias para disipar o no el pseudo-pánico existente entre sus clientes. Quién iba a decir que una nacionalización bancaria globalizada y de millones de hipotecas norteamericanas podían ser la medicina para intentar calmar los ánimos del capitalismo mundial, ante la mirada atónita de una China consumista. Si el comunismo levantara la cabeza… Mientras, la olvidada Guerra Fría se rearma y el terrorismo islámico descansa.
Echevarri me ha rebotado (de ésta te acuerdas…) el meme lanzado por Farnan2 acerca de la posibilidad de quiebra de algún banco o caja español y de la seguridad del dinero depositado en ellos.
Antes que nada debo decir que mis comentarios al respecto van a ser, ante todo, responsables. Y, a pesar de que la extensión de este artículo sobrepase lo aconsejable para un post, voy a comentaros de un tirón todo aquello que me parezca relevante y que me dé la gana, como hago siempre.
La opinión pública sólo se preocupa por la salud de la Economía cuando ve en los telediarios bajadas importantes de las bolsas. Parece que si las bolsas no caen, el crack no existe. Pero desgraciadamente el crack ya viene sucediendo en el crédito desde el verano 2007. Y esta fallida de la RF conforma los fundamentos sobre los que se basan muchos otros aspectos de la economía, entre ellos las bolsas. Como dijimos en La química inestable de la molécula económica hace ya medio año, una RF extrañamente alterada no podía convivir mucho tiempo con una RV boyante. Nosotros apostábamos por un reequilibrio en forma de recuperación en la confianza del crédito, pero como comentamos en dicho artículo, la otra posibilidad era que la molécula se estabilizara hacia la desconfianza con minusvalías de la RV, manteniendo la RF en mínimos «…batiendo marcas en el tiempo dando lugar a una crisis global nunca vista…».
En estas últimas semanas estamos viendo caídas de las bolsas globales que desgraciadamente generalizan la desconfianza, lloviendo sobre inundado. Esto se traduce en este momento en pánico monetario, poniendo en duda la solvencia de las entidades bancarias y acelerando gravemente el deterioro del sistema financiero. Este efecto es mortífero y convierte una caída bursátil en un caos bancario, en entidades ya heridas de muerte, cuando deberían ser fenómenos absolutamente independientes. Un crash convencional de bolsa (como el del 87 o incluso el del 29) no sólo no debería afectar sustancialmente más allá de los mercados, sino que incluso es cíclicamente saludable. Pero esta vez las interconexiones de la multi-crisis son letales.
En cuanto a la situación financiera de la banca mundial, ésta es crítica. La norteamericana está sufriendo lo indecible, y la europea posee aproximadamente la mitad del chapapote crediticio existente. Por tanto parece que el nivel de sufrimiento europeo será cuando menos igual, ya que su capacidad de reacción está más limitada por el menor potencial de sus economías y, lo que es peor, la atomización de políticas complica aún más el escaso márgen de maniobra existente para los europeos en general.
La cacareada mejor predisposición de la banca española para afrontar esta crisis financiera es en cierto modo real pero irrelevante. Es decir, el problema existente es de tal calado que la ventaja cualitativa de la normativa española de FGD es despreciable. Prueba de ello es que las medidas políticas tomadas en la reunión de los 27 han sido garantizar de momento 100.000 € por titular y entidad, o sea muy lejos de la superioridad cualitativa pregonada a cuatro vientos de los ya obsoletos 20.000 €. Quizás estas medidas no sean suficientes para retornar la confianza o quizás sí, pero por el momento el Show Me The Money se está imponiendo.. El tiempo (y nosotros) dirá. En cualquier caso se trata de una medida de confianza, un acto de fe. Ya que estas garantías se aplicarán para todos los ahorradores independientemente de si la fallida bancaria afecta a unos miles de ahorradores o a todos los españoles, como si se tratase de un chicle.E si non e vero e ben trovato, que de eso se trata.
El problema de fondo de la crisis bancaria, es decir los activos contaminados que llevan a la quiebra técnica a los bancos, está en vías de solución. Una solución política, ya que para una solución financiera hace tiempo que se tiró la toalla. En este escenario los bancos españoles, al igual que los europeos, ya no dependen de sí mismos. Su capacidad propia de supervivencia es virtualmente nula. Parace que los rescates se irán sucediendo en un orden macabro e imprevisible, y no depende tanto del ranking de CDS‘s sino más bien de las decisiones de sus directivos, que buscarán el timing menos malo para caerse de un armario cada vez más estrecho y superpoblado. Pero existe otro peligro aún peor que la propia contaminación de activos y para el que difícilmente serían efectivos los rescates estatales: El pánico. Nuestro pánico como clientes de entidades bancarias y cajas de ahorros. Para una retirada masiva de fondos ningúna entidad está preparada. Pero no por su perjudicada situación actual, incluso en sus épocas doradas de récords de beneficios (anteayer), una retirada masiva de dinero habría fulminado sus balances contables. Y ante ese riesgo no hay rescate posible. El sistema funciona mediante uniones tan intangibles como la confianza, y en ella no caben reparaciones o soldaduras, ni siquiera chapuzas para ir tirando: La hay o no la hay.
Los bancos ya no se prestan dinero entre ellos, no se fían. Sin embargo nosotros sí que debemos hacerlo y debemos seguir prestándoles el nuestro, porque si lo guardamos debajo del colchón, apaga y vámonos. Y sólo con la continuidad del sistema financiero, con su malfuncionamiento actual, podemos esperar que la confianza interbancaria vuelva y los flujos de dinero lubrifiquen de nuevo un motor que se está clavando por días. Podemos apuntillar el Sistema retirando nuestro dinero del banco (sólo los primeros); o bien podemos confiar en las garantías estatales y que los más ricos diversifiquen sus fortunas en varias cuentas y/o titulares. Dentro de los daños colaterales de estas medidas, mencionar que en el plan de esta semana fruto de la reunión de los 27 europeos (que no será el último), no se garantizan los fondos de inversión. Y eso es algo que no era conveniente ni mencionar, ya que probablemente provoque un flight to quality que agudice las caídas de las bolsas en favor de la deuda soberana o, en el peor de los casos, directamente en favor de los colchones y los escondites bajo las baldosas. Pero eso prefiero no pensarlo porque nos haríamos daño de verdad, y está en nuestra mano evitarlo.
Por encima de la toxicidad de las titulizaciones que se guardan las bodegas bancarias; por encima de los rescates estatales, coordinados o no con operaciones carroñeras privadas; por encima de las bajadas de tipos multidivisa de medio punto concertadas por sorpresa a nivel mundial (lo nunca visto)… por encima de todo ello, a pesar de todo, está en nuestra mano la no continuidad del sistema. Si no seguimos prestando nuestro dinero a los bancos no hay salvación posible. Los que me habéis leído asidiuamente, ya sabéis que siento una especial aversión por el comportamiento de bancos y banqueros, y no seré yo quien les defienda. Pero sin bancos, nuestra sociedad retrocedería varias décadas de bienestar y de creación de riqueza. Inimaginable. Estoy convencido de que las posibilidades de que ese caos ocurra son mínimas, pero también es cierto que jamás estuvimos tan cerca como hoy.
Si no hacemos locuras, habrá futuro para el Sistema, aunque será una locura de futuro, con mucho sufrimiento. No olvidemos que las hipotecas más tóxicas todavía no han hecho más que despuntar. En los próximos 2, 3 o 4 años debemos ver lo peor. Es decir, serán los peores años para los Estados que van a absorber los créditos que se convierten ya en embargos de imposible liquidez, pero con un agravante que los hará radicalmente distintos: A diferencia de las entidades creditoras que vendieron los créditos, el Estado o las entidades parapúblicas creadas ad hoc, no se podrán permitir el embargo y desahucio masivo de su población. Quizás se adopten soluciones sociales que mantengan a sus inquilinos en las que fueron antaño sus propias viviendas hipotecadas a cambio de alquileres muy por debajo del precio de mercado. Quizás además tengan opciones de compra limitadas en el futuro. Pero lo que parece impensable es que la ejecución de hipotecas por parte de entidades públicas conlleve un problema social y humano a millones y millones de personas. Una verdadera subvención de la vivienda al más puro estilo popular (de la China, no del PP).
Al final, estamos ante un panorama muy pero que muy socialista, algunos dirán que comunista. Es indudable que ver al Estado más ultraliberal del planeta, que ha negado durante años tan siquiera una cobertura social sanitaria decente a sus habitantes, socializando la vivienda existente y subvencionandola, es algo surrealista. Se producirá una socialización y una intervención del Estado tan involuntaria como efectiva, y me atrevería a decir que en muchos aspectos justa. Involuntariamente justa, y hemos llegado hasta ella de la peor manera.
Vengo escribiendo hace meses que estamos ante una multi-crisis jamás vista. A pesar de ello siempre he mantenido un tono relativamente optimista, pero los acontecimientos se han precipitado. Hay un antes y un después de la caída de Lehman Brothers. Un antes y un después político, financiero y económico. Lo que hemos visto después, es un cisne más que negro, y por lo tanto los viejos manuales están sirviendo de muy poco o de absolutamente nada. La situación es tan grave que se ha llevado por delante la mismísima crisis energética que sufríamos hace tan sólo tres meses. En cuanto a la crisis económica y social, mi opinión es desgraciadamente muy pesimista. Sólo estamos ante la punta del iceberg. Me temo que lo peor lo veremos entre el 2010 y el 2012, donde la selección de empresas será feroz y las cifras de paro abrumadoras y crueles. Estar endeudado en estos tiempos es y será un lastre demasiado pesado para sobrevivir con una economía doméstica digna. La depresión será larga, quizás una década atravesando un desierto donde muchas economías, de países, de empresas y de particulares, quedarán en el camino. Afortunadamente la mayoría de personas son inconscientes de la gravedad de la situación, pero la realidad es otra: Adiós a Disneylandia, adiós durante muchos años. Y todo ello, globalizado como nunca.
Ningún Estado tiene suficiente dinero para parchear esta malla. El dinero se deberá fabricar, y con ello se destruirá buena parte de la riqueza del Sistema que se ha generado, quizás virtualmente, durante décadas. Y cuando se supere esta depresión, probablemente los Estados cederán el protagonismo a las grandes empresas, dando lugar a un Nuevo Orden Mundial inimaginable hoy por hoy. Pero para que eso suceda, antes deberemos intentar superar la insólita depresión que hoy sólo intuimos.
It seems clear that the financial system is going to be saved by the mother of all bailout plans. But that doesn’t mean the mother of all crises It is going to ease off. Let no one be under any illusion: this multi-crisis has countless social side-effects that are difficult to prevent. We’ve squandered our future in the most irresponsible and absurd way. And now we have to cross the desert after having poured the water from our last canteen over our heads.
But faced with the possibility that this bailout might avert financial collapse, we find ourselves in the position of someone who knows that a family member has been in a serious accident and is fearing the worst. And when the doctor emerges from the ICU and tells us that the patient has come out of the operating theatre alive, the seriousness of their condition seems like a lesser evil compared to the thought of never seeing them again. The financial system will survive thanks to the Democratic-Republican bailout that will be approved come what may, but the patient’s prognosis remains extremely serious, reserved. I think it would be interesting to read the article again: The American Patient, which, dated December 2007, gives us a glimpse of the situation as it stood nine months ago – an eternity in this turbulent era in which we find ourselves living in such peril.
As we said at the outset, although the system will survive, the socio-economic outlook is devastating. We are set to suffer a decline in wealth and social welfare equivalent to several decades. And anyone who downplays the situation by saying that this is merely a cyclical crisis like so many others we have seen is either mistaken, deluded or lying in a politically correct manner. The locomotive that has been pulling the rest of the world along since the Second World War will no longer be able to do so in the coming years. The million-dollar question is: who is going to replace it? And we’re not talking about who is going to be the world’s leading power in the coming years, because the Chinese have no intention of ousting anyone, let alone the economic system as we know it. It is an unknown whose answer will undoubtedly shape the New World Order.
We can no longer talk about tightening our belts, but rather about a substantial change in lifestyle that hundreds or thousands of millions of people will have to make in the coming years. A dramatic yet gradual situation, in which opportunities, hidden amongst the devastation that the crisis will leave in its wake, will abound more than ever before.
I can’t help but feel strangely surprised when I reread Once upon a time… at the end of the 20th century, an article we wrote over half a year ago. A light-hearted exercise in economic fiction that is taking on an increasingly grim reality with each passing day. It has only been seven years since 9/11 (WTC), and the world is a different place. But this is only the beginning of what is yet to come. A historic, thrilling and uncertain future unlike anything we have ever seen, the result of the virtual wealth accumulated, globalisation and our own foolishness, respectively.
The Emergency Economic Stabilisation Act 2008 (EESA 2008), has become the most important and far-reaching constitution ever drafted in modern history. And it was drafted in just a few days, with round-the-clock work amidst hurried negotiations and in a situation of greater stress than the American political class – or any political class anywhere else in the world – has ever experienced. Meanwhile, the rest of the world watches in astonishment as events unfold Sunday after Sunday, unaware of the future significance of the weeks we have been living through since the intervention took place Mac & Mae. We have been saying for over a year now that history is being made, ever since, in the middle of August 2007, some of us (still only a few) woke up from the A Midsummer Night’s Credit Dream, but the drafting and subsequent adoption of the Emergency Economic Stabilisation Act 2008 It represents a genuine ‘Re-founding Charter’ for the global economic system. And it lays the foundations for a constitution for the new capitalist system. We are, in effect, reinventing the banking business and the foundations of the future credit system, and The most worrying thing is that we’re doing it under time pressure and whilst facing record levels of stress and pressure.
There were two ways of making it work and ensuring its viability:
That the 2008 Emergency Stabilisation Plan (I don’t know why, but I’m reluctant to call it a ‘law’), which originally consisted of just three pages, was implemented at the discretion of the Bush administration and carried over by his successor.
May this simple document, which gave the leaders a free hand, evolve into a much more concrete 106-page text, the implementation of which must be overseen by both the government and the opposition.
At first glance, the second option seems the more sensible choice, but it could be a double-edged sword, as partisan political interference could seriously hamper the effective implementation of the 2008 Emergency Economic Stabilisation Act.
The American political class is being put to the test in full view of the whole world. And what is most worrying is that its ability – or inability – to rise to the occasion will affect us all. Perhaps option 1 would have been more effective, albeit less democratic. It would have allowed the freedom to cover up scandals and restore confidence in the system. Something similar to what usually happens when one acts in the interests of the state, or in this case, going even further, System Reason. However, the regulatory framework for the new system – that is, the way in which financial institutions are (I hope) going to be kept on a tight leash from now on – must indeed be agreed upon by both the Congress and the Senate in order to avoid, as far as possible, favouritism, potentially corrupt decisions and the dreaded laxity.
Only as the weeks and months go by will we find out whether the 106-page document, the oversight by senators and members of Congress, and their ability to veto the use of half of those 700,000 millones from the $ programme will prove to be a positive development or not. Since initially only 250,000 will be released, with the option of a further 100,000, the government (whichever party is in power at the time) will then have to pass a renewal before Congress and the Senate before he is grant a further 350,000 million $. To save the system, it may be necessary to take too many politically incorrect decisions that will not pass the scrutiny of so many politicians who, before giving their approval, will look to their voters, fearing they might lose their future support. But this delicate process of implementing these funds requires agility, determination and a steady, surgical touch. This is something the man in the street is not equipped to deal with, and I fear that neither is a large part of the political class, which has been elected on the back of electioneering demagoguery. Politicians and political opportunists, whose quest for fame and power they may now be reluctant to jeopardise by endorsing measures that will have a direct and severe impact on their voters’ pockets.
For everyone’s sake, I hope that the American political class, for once in their lives, will live up to what is expected of them and, instead of engaging in party politics, govern for a few months in coalition with the leadership. And this must be done both by the Democrats in opposition and by the Republicans’ own internal opposition, who, to date, have been the most reluctant to support the implementation of measures that might save the system.
The path is beginning to come into view; now all that remains is for politicians to shake off their bad habits and devote themselves to Politics with a capital P, recalling the times of Plato and the Republic, but without forgetting to adapt it to our reality.
Let us hope that electoral manoeuvring and republican liberal fundamentalism do not hinder the pilots who must guide this aircraft – in which we are all on board – to the runway. It will undoubtedly be the most dramatic emergency landing in history, and one in which there may be many casualties. When we were writing Fasten your seatbelts On 14 September 2007, the aircraft’s technical problems were far less serious than they were a year later. Today, the hydraulic systems – so vital to any aircraft – have failed, and we are hurtling towards the runway in an emergency in which we must all do the right thing to survive. Because if anyone tries to exploit the situation for political gain, they will end up being elected president of the most barren region ever seen. Meanwhile, the markets continue to turn their backs on the 2008 Emergency Stabilisation Act. Something that is, in a way, trivial, because what is really at stake is far more important than the markets.
When a mob exercises authority, it is even more cruel than tyrants.
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